We have prepared a brochure presenting some of the things made possible with industrial explosives. The explosives industry was founded in this country during its very beginnings, when black powder was used to mine for minerals, break rock, clear fields and make roads.

It is not an overstatement to say that this nation was built with the help of explosives. In the s, Alfred Nobel, a Swede, invented dynamite and the blasting cap required to make it explode. He licensed it in the United States and the industrial revolution began. With dynamite, mines could be dug deeper and more quickly, and uneconomical deposits thus became profitable. The new detection method is able to analyze a wider range of materials than current These give hints to scientists about the conditions under which diamonds are formed deep in the Earth's mantle.

Despite having been known since , the explosive jump has not been fully A new study has now shown that both skills rely on Have We Detected Dark Energy? Scientists Say It's a Possibility. Their models could help researchers develop and test potential drugs for A research team discovered the quantum Getting medication past the brain's unique and protective blood Pelouze added Pelouze, that Richier had found that pyroxylin was soluble in methyl and ethyl acetates and that this property allowed a more exact chemical analysis, and that he believed that its correct empirical formula was C 24 H 17 O 17' 5NO 5.

This formula explained why this explosive did not leave a solid residue on burning because it burned completely into gases and water vapor.

A letter to Pelouze from J. Four grains of pyroxylin charged into a pistol produced the same results as six grains of gunpowder. Adding concentrated sulfuric acid under agitation precipitated the pyroxylin completely as white flakes, without appreciable loss of weight and with all the original properties, except for their shape.

De Vrij suggested to Pelouze that this flocculent form might find use in the manufacture of percussion caps. Adding to the nitric solution water instead of sulfuric acid precipitated bitter tasting flakes, which were soluble in alcohol and in a large amount of water, burned well in contact with a flame or upon heating, but at a slower rate that pyroxylin, and left a carbon residue. Another interesting finding was that acetone transformed instantly pyroxylin into a transparent gel that coagulated by addition of water into white flakes looking very much like cotton.

Addition of large amounts of acetone resulted in the complete solution of pyroxylin. Pyroxylin was dissolved by caustic soda, while the cotton, which had been used for this preparation was not attacked. Water or acids did not precipitate the resulting solution. Concentrated sulfuric acid dissolved pyroxylin at room temperature without coloration.

Addition of concentrated sulfuric acid to a nitric solution of cotton precipitated pyroxylin. For this reason de Vrij doubted that both had the same composition. Anselme Payen Payen, recommended that in order to prepare pyroxylin with the highest combustible properties, it was necessary to use cellulose free of ligneous incrustations and purified of all the mineral, fatty materials, and nitrogenous materials, etc.

The nitric and sulfuric acids should be free of nitrous oxide because this gas impaired the quality of the product. At his request Morin had performed ballistic experiments of nitric cotton prepared either with a pure acid mixture or loaded with nitrogen monoxide, and found that the explosive product made with the pure acids sent the cannon ball It was Pelouze's last remark, which caused Sobrero to react.

I add that I have already analyzed fulminant sugar and although I have been unable to avoid the formation of nitrogen oxides during the combustion, the results that I have obtained thus far lead me to believe that this compound will be formed of sugar C 12 H 11 0 11 less two equivalents of water and plus two equivalents of nitric acid. According to Sobrero, the composition of glycerin could no longer be represented by carbon and water and its combination with fatty acids indicated that it behaved like a base.

Being somewhat analogue to sugar and lignin it could be assumed to react in a similar manner as these substances. So far, his results proved that glycerin reacted with a mixture of sulfuric and nitric acids to give a compound similar to fulminant cotton. If the mixture of the two acids was kept in a refrigeration mixture and the glycerin added slowly to avoid an increase in temperature, it dissolved completely without apparent reaction.

If the mixture was now added to water, an oily material heavier-than-water settled at the bottom. This oily layer was separated and washed with a large amount of water to eliminate completely the acids, without loss because it was insoluble in water. The washed material could be dissolved completely in alcohol and re-precipitated with water or it could be dissolved in ether and left to evaporate naturally.

Complete drying was achieved by keeping the material under sulfuric acid for several days. The dry material looked like olive oil slightly colored yellow. It was substantially heavier than water and totally insoluble in it. It dissolved easily in alcohol and ether; it was odorless, tasted sweet, piquant and aromatic. Sobrero added another observation which would later prove to have tremendous medical importance: "This examination taste must be done carefully because it is enough to put a small amount which can be taken by slightly moisturing the end of the little finger on the tongue to experiment a strong headache during several hours.

This action on the human body has been confirmed by several persons in my laboratory and I have tried it myself several times until I was sure it did not have toxic properties.

In this paper, and a following one Sobrero, c , Sobrero gave a detailed description of his method of preparing nitromannite. Nitromannite detonated under a hammer blow with the same violence as mercury fulminant and its decomposition generated enough heat necessary to ignite the gunpowder in a rifle.

Sobrero replaced the mercury fulminant in percussion caps by his new compound and found these new caps to fire as good as ordinary ones. A clear advantage for the substitution was that nitromannite was easer to fabricate than mercury fulminant and did not expose the workers to the serious dangers present when fabricating fulminant powder.

In addition, Sobrero believed that fulminant mannite was cheaper to manufacture because mannitol was not expensive and its manufacture left a non-crystallizable residue mixed with a little of mannite, which could be used in medicine and veterinary as a purgative.

In addition, the conversion of mannite to nitric mannite resulted in a substantial increase in weight from to In later publications on the subject Sobrero, , Sobrero added more information about the properties of nitromannite. The material seemed to decompose completely into carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and water, left no residue and could be stored indefinitely without decomposition.

Contrary to other nitro organic products, nitromannite was obtained easily in crystalline form, very fragile and easily converted into powder. Humidified with an appropriate liquid it could be worked into a paste or granulated. The dry powder did not absorb humidity from the air.

Later experiments had shown that amorphous and crystalline nitromannite decomposed in the presence of diffuse light. With direct light the decomposition was very fast, releasing nitric vapor, water, etc.

These facts made the use of nitromannite in war weapons questionable because it might decompose and make the weapon inefficient for attack or defense. Sobrero's main contribution to the development of modern explosives was initially described in a paper read before the Academy of Sciences of Turin Sobrero, c , in which he gave a very detailed description of the manufacture of nitroglycerine by reacting glycerin with a mixture of nitric and sulfuric acids.

Interesting enough, in spite of being aware of the dangers of self-detonation of the product, he kept a gram sample, which much later he donated to the Academy. Sobrero's face was badly scarred as a result of an explosion in the s. The details of the discovery and fabrication process of nitroglycerine were repeated in papers published in and Sobrero, , , together with a description of additional properties of nitroglycerine: "Pyroglycerin has a density of 1. It has a sweet and agreeable taste and presents toxic properties.

A drop of it heated slowly over a platinum plate seems to decompose generating nitrous vapors. At a higher temperature the decomposition is fast with deflagration and flame, leaving a small carbonaceous residue. A small amount heated fast to the decomposition temperature, decomposes violently. A small drop of a few decigrams can produce a detonation similar to the firing of a rifle.

The glass of the vessel in which this experiment is performed will break if it is not strong enough". Pyroglycerin exerts a toxic action on animal physiology: "It is enough to put a small drop on the tongue and spit it immediately, to experience a strong headache for many hours. Four or five centigrams introduced in the stomach will kill a sucking pig.

This toxic property has been observed with a mouse and a capybara a small rodent from Brazil. Pyroglycerin acts as an oxidant on phosphorus, copper, and potassium. It dissolves in a hot aqueous solution of potassium hydroxides and becomes brown.

With hydrogen chloride it yields chlorine and a kind of aqua regia. The physiological properties of pyroglycerin are very interesting and require a careful study; they may lead to useful applications.

In a later communication to the Academy of Turin, read on Sobrero, , Sobrero recapitulated the history of the product and insisted that he had not discovered it while staying at Pelouze's laboratory but during his tenure at the Scuola di Meccanica e di Chimica Applicata alle Artes in Turin: "hence, nitroglycerine is the fruit of Italian work exclusively When I think of all the victims killed during nitroglycerine explosions, and the terrible havoc that has been wreaked, which in all probability will continue to occur in the future, I am almost ashamed to admit to be its discoverer.

According to Dumas Dumas, initially gunpowder a committee appointed by the French War Ministry in changed the name pyroxylin to guncotton was celebrated in excess, criticized extensively, and discarded with indifference. The plan was to compare the effect produced by an underwater explosion of gunpowder and cotton powder on the granite rocks.

The gunpowder powder explosion hardly damaged the rocks while that of cotton powder caused the disappearance of a huge rock and reduced it to pieces. Not only that, the explosion threw a very large number of deep-dwelling fish to the surface of the sea, either dead or stunned. This surprising result was also used a proof that the mortality of fish that accompanied maritime volcano eruptions was not necessarily due to the heating of the water or to the release of poisonous gases; it could very well be caused by the brusque movement of masses of water.

The armies did not see a menace in the fast explosion of cotton powder that pulverized granite. Artillerymen would classify cotton powder in the category of smashing powders, which should be kept away from the arsenals.

Ordinary powders were different in the sense that powder cannon could catch fire while being prepared as a result of an accidental shock; experience indicated that they did not inflame spontaneously in the storage room.

Once prepared, the only dangers associated with gunpowder were the ones resulting from its mishandling. The situation with cotton powder was different, it could be prepared rather safely but its storage presented a safety risk. Not only that, degraded cotton powder lost its explosive power and converted largely into sugary material.

After fourteen years, about one-half of the samples exposed to air and humidity would decompose without detonating.

Thus cotton powder remained what it was from the very beginning, a material appropriate for mining more than for military uses. In , Pelouze and Maurey, one of the gunpowder commissars, reported on the use of guncotton as a war agent Pelouze and Maurey, This paper was an extensive critical report on the new procedures developed by the Austrian general Lenk for fabricating and using guncotton. Between and this establishment had provided about kg of the product for the many experiments done in France to substitute by guncotton the gunpowder used in mines and fire arms.

Similarly, the Austrian Army had established large manufacturing facilities at Hirtenberg, under the direction of Lenk, but until their process remained a mystery, no foreigner having been admitted to the factory. In France, two main objections had been raised against the substitution, one based on the fragility effect that the new powder imparted to the walls of weapons, and the other related to the accidents of decomposition and spontaneous explosions that had been observed in France and aboard.

A strong explosion at the Austrian factory in had led to a substantial reduction of the manufacture, until Lenk had introduced some alleged improvements in the process.

Although Lenk did not contest the possible exothermic reactions that could lead to the inflammation of guncotton, he believed that taking appropriate measures during the preparation process could prevent them.

The Lenk procedure was based on the same chemical reactions as the ones used at the Bouchet arsenal. The Austrian and French guncottons were a compound resulting from the immersion of cotton in a mixture of nitric and sulfuric acids. The proportions of these two acids could be varied in a wide range without modifying the quality of the product. According to Lenk, the method used at Bouchet, where g of cotton were reacted with 2 liters of acid mixture, did not yield the same product as the Austrian one, which used a substantially larger volume of acids and special equipment for mixing the reagents.

This action retarded the development of gases and eliminated the traces of acid they might contain. The French researchers analyzed all the information available from Austria and compared guncotton prepared by the two methods. Nitroglycerine was the first, and is still one of the most widely produced nitrate esters. It is used in dynamites produced by absorbing nitroglycerine in fine wood meal or other powdered absorbent.

This process prevents the formation of micro bubbles and stabilizes the liquid. The nitroglycerine is also thickened or gelatinized by the addition of a small percentage of nitrocellulose, a process which assists in preventing "weeping" exuding or settling out of the absorbent material.

Americans have been gathering across the country to protest the death of George Floyd, who was killed when a white Minneapolis police officer pinned him to the ground with a knee to his neck for more than eight minutes.

Though many demonstrations have been peaceful, some have become violent, resulting in injuries and deaths as police and the National Guard attempt to disperse crowds. Meet and plan before the event: Discuss where you plan to be and where to regroup if you get separated.

Check to see if the your city will have available bathrooms along the route, and map them out — you will be drinking a lot of water to stay hydrated. Stay aware of your surroundings: Leave the area if others are engaging in illegal activities or acts of violence.

You cannot express yourself if you are arrested or injured. Dress in long sleeves and pants: This will help protect from tear gas or pepper spray and prevent skin irritation caused by chemical agents.

Don't wear contact lenses: Tear gas or pepper spray particles can get stuck between the eye and lens, causing damage. Wear protective gear such as goggles and face masks: If you don't have one already, you can make your own.

Learn more: How different masks stack up against the coronavirus. Stay calm: Panicking can make the irritation worse. Don't rub your face if you get sprayed because it will spread the compound deeper into your eyes.

Start blinking immediately: this allows tears to flush away some of the oils contained in pepper spray. Get out of the area: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends leaving the area right away when exposed to tear gas and similar riot control agents. Get to higher ground, and find fresh air quickly. These riot gloves are made of breathable materials with adjustable Velcro wrists and reinforced palms. When on the front lines of any type of disturbance, having riot gloves is essential.

There are several different types of gloves based on the needs of the officers, ranging from padded Kevlar to hard knuckle gloves to a plain leather glove. Riot suits and gear may also encompass other important equipment and accessories, such as gas masks, utility bags, hydration packs, grenadier bags, medical kits, backpacks, and deployment bags.

Each piece of protection equipment and gear work together to help keep officers safe during dangerous incidents. When disturbances like riots occur, having the right training and tactical knowledge to handle these events can make a difference in saving lives. For ultimate protection for your officers, count on Haven Gear. We offer essential full-body riot suits, gear, and accessories to keep law enforcement officers protected during riots and other intense tactical situations.

Contact us today to learn more about our next gen riot gear. Haven Gear Logo. Riot Suits Riot suits are specifically designed to cover and protect the torso.

Riot Helmet Riot helmets are designed to meet various levels of threats, from bricks, to rocks and bottles. Riot Baton A riot baton can be an invaluable weapon when dealing with tough crowd control situations.

HELMET optional : If you believe the protest will escalate to violence—either by the police or by unruly protesters—this will add protection from rocks, batons and other possible head injuries. Don't wear any jewelry, as it can be grabbed or snagged, leading to serious injury.

Caveat: a mask can make you a target for the police. Carry it and practice putting it on quickly. LONG SCARF: A multi-purpose accessory that can be used to keep warm, protect identity, support injuries and sprains, and protect from less-lethal projectiles by wrapping around the head.

Long sleeves to protect from chemicals. Packable so you can throw it over clothes to change identifying colors. Wash yourself with pH-neutral soap, as detergent soaps will bind with chemicals.

A belt will be taken from you if arrested. Knee pads: Personal protection from falls and to facilitate treating injuries on fallen demonstrators. A zip-lock bag with: ID, necessary keys and enough cash no credit cards to get you home if arrested, a letter from your doctor advising on any medical needs and necessary medications.

A zip-lock with bandana soaking in vinegar : This does not offer long-term protection from tear gas, but will afford you the precious seconds needed to get out of the contaminated area if tightly wrapped over nose and mouth.

Also will help obscure identity. Notepad and pen: To document events such as police brutality, injuries and arrests. Small first aid kit with latex-free gloves, bandages, antibacterial ointment, a nylon wrap bandage and ibuprofen, without anything that can be considered a weapon such as metal scissors.

Zip-lock with an extra long-sleeved shirt and jeans to change into if your clothes become contaminated with crowd control chemicals.

Since it also offers food, minors may be allowed to enter in pubs. However, serving them alcohol is still a big no-no. While setting up your business, the location is a major factor to consider. Choosing between a bar or pub further reinforces its importance. A bar is more of an urban phenomenon where weekends and nights are dedicated to drinking and partying. So if you are located in the thick of the city, a bar is what you must go for.

Pubs, on the other hand, are more common in the city outskirts or rural areas. However, this is changing rapidly and pubs are now found in the towns too. So with pubs, target a wider geographical area. As a business owner, you need to keep your customers engaged at all costs. Though bars and pubs appear to be pretty similar, the entertainment quotient differs by leagues.

A bar is all about the thrills, pleasure and drinks. All you need to have is loud music and some skilled bartenders, and the customers would be satisfied. As an investment, bars are usually accompanied by a dance floor, so that must be your priority.

Pubs are the more laid-back cousins of bars. They are meant to be a place where people can sit back and relax while enjoying good food and alcohol. This leaves room for a variety of activities that you could arrange for them. You could arrange games like pool and cards or organize events like karaoke and open mic. Some pubs owned by the brewery. Overview Bar is an establishment licensed to serve alcohol beverages and is named after the counter or bar on which drinks are served.

Pub is short for Public House licensed to serve alcoholic beverages and called so in countries or establishments with a British influence Age limit Anywhere between 18 and Minors are usually not allowed entry. Generally between 18 and 21, but since pubs also offer dining, minors are often permitted if accompanied by an adult.

Ambience Busy, often have loud music and dance floors, serves little or no food. Common activity is bar hopping which is moving from one bar to another.

Serve and casual atmosphere for spending long periods of time with soothing, unobtrusive music. Food is also served. Types Bars generally have a lower age limit. Varieties include sports bars, dance bars, topless bars, salsa bars, gay bars, singles bars, biker bars, karaoke bars and cop bars. Pubs are open to any kind of patrons.

The varieties are either brewery owned or private ownership or freehouse. History Pub is short for Public House. Ambience and Clientele The ambience of a British or Irish pub is more relaxed and calm with no loud or obtrusive music. Rule number one : There is no waiter service in British pubs. You have to go up to the bar to buy your drinks, and carry them back to your table.

One of the saddest sights of the British summer or the funniest, depending on your sense of humour is the group of thirsty tourists sitting at a table in a pub, patiently waiting for someone to come and take their order.

In most cases, a friendly native will put them out of their misery by explaining rule number one, or they will figure it out for themselves, but in a busy pub it can be some time before the correct procedure becomes clear. Regional variation: You may find waiter service in some pubs in Northern Ireland, but not all. Even there, waiter service is not common in city-centre pubs, and some pubs only use waiters at very busy times. Where waiter service is available, it is a supplement to bar service, not a replacement.

So, when in doubt, use the bar. Once they are aware of the no-waiter-service rule in British pubs, most tourists recognise it as an advantage, rather than an inconvenience. Having to go up to the bar for your drinks ensures plenty of opportunities for social contact between customers. In bars and cafes in other parts of the world, waiter service can isolate people at separate tables, which makes it more difficult to initiate contact with others.

Perhaps many cultures are more naturally outgoing and sociable than the British, and do not require any assistance in striking up a conversation with those seated near them. The British, however, are a somewhat reserved and inhibited people, and we need all the help we can get!

It is much easier to drift casually into a spontaneous chat while waiting at the bar than deliberately to break into the conversation at another table. Like every other aspect of pub etiquette, the no-waiter-service system is designed to promote sociability. This is very good news for tourists who wish to make contact with the natives. The bar counter in a pub is possibly the only site in the British Isles in which friendly conversation with strangers is considered entirely appropriate and normal behaviour.

Research findings: In observation-studies, we timed first-time tourists to find out exactly how long it would take them to discover the no-waiter-service rule. The fastest time — just under two-and-a-half minutes — was achieved by a sharp-eyed American couple. The slowest - over 45 minutes - involved a group of six young Italians.

This group did not, however, seem particularly concerned about the apparent lack of service, being engrossed in a lively debate about football. Sympathy should go to the French couple who marched out of the pub, complaining bitterly to each other about the poor service and British manners in general, after a minute wait.

The Public Bar usually has more modest and functional furnishings, and houses pub-games such as pool and darts, while the Lounge or Saloon Bar is more luxurious, comfortable and conducive to quiet conversation. Traditionally, both prices and social classes were lower in the Public Bar, but these distinctions no longer apply.

Rule number two : It is customary for one or two people, not the whole group, to go up to the bar to buy drinks. Bar staff are generally very tolerant people, but large packs of tourists crowding the bar counter can try their patience. It is best if only one or at the most two members of the group approach the bar to purchase drinks for the group.

Other members of the group should either stand back from the bar or go and sit down at a table. Before you can order at all, you must learn the correct bar-counter etiquette. You will notice that the bar counter of the pub is the only place in Britain in which anything is sold or served without the formation of a queue.

Many visitors have observed that queuing is almost a national pastime for the British, who will automatically arrange themselves into an orderly line at bus stops, shop counters, ice-cream stalls, lifts, entrances, exits - and sometimes in the middle of nowhere for no apparent reason.

In the pub, by contrast, we gather haphazardly along the bar counter. Bar staff are remarkably skilled at identifying who is next in the invisible queue at the counter, but they are not infallible. You need to attract their attention to make them aware that you are waiting to be served. Rule number three: To get served, you must attract the attention of the bar staff without making any noise or resorting to the vulgarity of too-obvious gesticulation.

This is much easier than it sounds! Renowned the world over, the great British pub is not just a place to drink beer, wine, cider or even something a little bit stronger. It is also a unique social centre, very often the focus of community life in villages, towns and cities throughout the length and breadth of the country. Yet it appears that the great British pub actually started life as a great Italian wine bar, and dates back almost 2, years.

It was an invading Roman army that first brought Roman roads , Roman towns and Roman pubs known as tabernae to these shores in 43 AD. Such tabernae, or shops that sold wine, were quickly built alongside Roman roads and in towns to help quench the thirst of the legionary troops.

It was ale, however, that was the native British brew, and it appears that these tabernae quickly adapted to provide the locals with their favourite tipple, with the word eventually being corrupted to tavern. These taverns or alehouses not only survived but continued to adapt to an ever changing clientele, through invading Angles, Saxons, Jutes , and not forgetting those fearsome Scandinavian Vikings.

In around AD, one Anglo-Saxon king, Edgar , even attempted to limit the number of alehouses in any one village. Taverns and alehouses provided food and drink to their guests, whilst inns offered accommodation for weary travellers.

Last reviewed: March Important functional components of foods, belonging to a group of biological substance called lipids. Fats and oils are soluble in organic solvents such as hexane, petroleum ether, alcohol, and chloroform. They are insoluble in water. Fats and oils have unique properties and play a major role in human nutrition. They add flavor, texture, lubricity, and satiety to foods.

Most fats and oils used for human consumption are plant-derived Fig. The major commodity fats and oils are soybean, cottonseed, canola, sunflower, corn, peanut, palm kernel, and coconut oils; others such as olive, almond, cashew nut, hazelnut, avocado, and sesame oils are considered gourmet or specialty, health-promoting oils.

They are poor conductors of heat and electricity and therefore serve as excellent insulators for the body, slowing the loss of heat through the skin. Fats and oils can participate in a variety of chemical reactions—for example, because triglycerides are esters, they can be hydrolyzed in the presence of an acid, a base, or specific enzymes known as lipases.

The hydrolysis of fats and oils in the presence of a base is used to make soap and is called saponification. Sodium carbonate or sodium hydroxide is then used to convert the fatty acids to their sodium salts soap molecules :.

Ordinary soap is a mixture of the sodium salts of various fatty acids, produced in one of the oldest organic syntheses practiced by humans second only to the fermentation of sugars to produce ethyl alcohol.

Even so, the widespread production of soap did not begin until the s. Soap was traditionally made by treating molten lard or tallow with a slight excess of alkali in large open vats.

The mixture was heated, and steam was bubbled through it. After saponification was completed, the soap was precipitated from the mixture by the addition of sodium chloride NaCl , removed by filtration, and washed several times with water. It was then dissolved in water and reprecipitated by the addition of more NaCl. The glycerol produced in the reaction was also recovered from the aqueous wash solutions.

Pumice or sand is added to produce scouring soap, while ingredients such as perfumes or dyes are added to produce fragrant, colored soaps. Blowing air through molten soap produces a floating soap. Soft soaps, made with potassium salts, are more expensive but produce a finer lather and are more soluble.

They are used in liquid soaps, shampoos, and shaving creams. Dirt and grime usually adhere to skin, clothing, and other surfaces by combining with body oils, cooking fats, lubricating greases, and similar substances that act like glues.

Because these substances are not miscible in water, washing with water alone does little to remove them. Soap removes them, however, because soap molecules have a dual nature. One end, called the head , carries an ionic charge a carboxylate anion and therefore dissolves in water; the other end, the tail , has a hydrocarbon structure and dissolves in oils.

The hydrocarbon tails dissolve in the soil; the ionic heads remain in the aqueous phase, and the soap breaks the oil into tiny soap-enclosed droplets called micelles , which disperse throughout the solution. The droplets repel each other because of their charged surfaces and do not coalesce.

The double bonds in fats and oils can undergo hydrogenation and also oxidation. The hydrogenation of vegetable oils to produce semisolid fats is an important process in the food industry.

Chemically, it is essentially identical to the catalytic hydrogenation reaction described for alkenes. In commercial processes, the number of double bonds that are hydrogenated is carefully controlled to produce fats with the desired consistency soft and pliable. Inexpensive and abundant vegetable oils canola, corn, soybean are thus transformed into margarine and cooking fats. In the preparation of margarine, for example, partially hydrogenated oils are mixed with water, salt, and nonfat dry milk, along with flavoring agents, coloring agents, and vitamins A and D, which are added to approximate the look, taste, and nutrition of butter.

Preservatives and antioxidants are also added. In most commercial peanut butter, the peanut oil has been partially hydrogenated to prevent it from separating out. Consumers could decrease the amount of saturated fat in their diet by using the original unprocessed oils on their foods, but most people would rather spread margarine on their toast than pour oil on it.

Many people have switched from butter to margarine or vegetable shortening because of concerns that saturated animal fats can raise blood cholesterol levels and result in clogged arteries. However, during the hydrogenation of vegetable oils, an isomerization reaction occurs that produces the trans fatty acids mentioned in the opening essay. Chocolate needs to be based on cocoa butter from both a legislative and functionality point of view and any fats used to replace cocoa butter need also to conform to legislation and to melt and crystallise in the same way as cocoa butter.

Often, there is no single natural fat, or even combination of naturally occurring fats, that give the exact functional requirements for a given product application and so oils and fats need to undergo some form of processing. There are three main types of oil modification process used in foods.

Hydrogenation is a reaction between hydrogen and the carbon-carbon double bonds in an unsaturated fatty acid. It changes the cis -unsaturated fatty acid either to saturated or to trans -unsaturated. Both saturated fatty acids and trans -unsaturated fatty acids are higher melting than the naturally occurring cis -unsaturated fatty acids so hydrogenation increases the hardness and solid fat content of the fat.

Fractionation starts with oils that can be partially liquid and partially solid at a particular temperature palm oil, shea butter and palm kernel oil are oils that are commonly fractionated. The solid and liquid phases are separated and used in different applications.

Unlike hydrogenation, no chemical changes to the fatty acids themselves take place — it is purely a separation process. Interesterification is a process in which the ester linkages between the fatty acid and glycerol are broken and then re-formed usually in a random but predictable conformation. However, specific enzymes can be used as catalyst to avoid breaking the ester linkage in the central position of the triglyceride molecule and so allow the production of deliberately structured triglycerides.

Each of these modification processes allow the formation of fats with different melting, crystallisation and stability functionalities from the starting oils. On top of all this, the oils and fats used should give rise to no adverse health concerns. During the course of the 20 th century, hydrogenation was probably the most commonly used modification process.

However, it produces high levels of trans fatty acids. These have been shown to be adverse to health particularly in terms of their effects on blood cholesterol levels. They increase the detrimental low density lipoprotein LDL cholesterol and decrease the beneficial high density lipoprotein HDL cholesterol giving rise to a greater risk of cardiovascular disease CVD in some individuals.

As a consequence of this, the early years of the 21 st century saw widespread reformulation of many food products and the development of non-hydrogenated alternatives to previously hydrogenated fats. Saturated fatty acids are somewhere in the middle — they increase both the detrimental and the beneficial cholesterol levels but they also do this to varying extents depending on their fatty acid chain length.

Lauric C12 , myristic C14 and, to a slightly lesser extent, palmitic C16 acids show an overall adverse effect on blood cholesterol, whereas stearic acid C18 is considered to be neutral in its effects.

These recommendations are largely based on research carried out some 15 years or more ago and recent research has shown a greater leniency towards saturated fats.

Nevertheless, saturated fats should still be used with some caution. One recent example is the fashion for coconut oil. Gunstone FD. Published by Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge. Keywords : Fats, saturated, unsaturated, trans , hydrogenation, fractionation, interesterification, bakery, confectionery, ice cream, frying, blood cholesterol, cardiovascular disease.

Oils and fats are important nutrients in a healthy diet. Structurally, they are esters of glycerol with three fatty acids. As such, they are scientifically called triacylglycerols but are commonly referred to in the food industry as triglycerides.

Although the terms 'oils' and 'fats' are often used interchangeably, they are usually used to distinguish triglycerides in the liquid state at ambient temperatures oils from those in the solid state fats. They are commonly of vegetable origin e. The fatty acids found in most commonly consumed oils and fats are composed of long carbon and hydrogen chains, typically containing from 8 to 20 carbon atoms, mainly with even numbers of carbon atoms, although animal fats also contain significant levels of odd-chain fatty acids.

It is this carboxylic acid group that reacts with the hydroxyl groups on the glycerol molecule to form the ester linkages of the triacylglycerol molecule. Saturated fatty acids are straight chains of carbon atoms consisting of methylene CH2 groups between the end methyl and carboxylic acid groups. The most common saturated fatty acids are lauric acid C12 , palmitic acid C16 and stearic acid C Shorter chain saturated fatty acids are found in butterfat e.

C4, butyric acid and coconut oil e. C8, caprylic acid, and C10, capric acid. Monounsaturated fatty acids contain a single carbon-carbon double bond in the carbon chain. This is usually in the cis configuration. The most common monounsaturated fatty acid is oleic acid, containing 18 carbon atoms. In oleic acid, the double bond is between carbon atoms 9 and 10 counting from the COOH group. Polyunsaturated fatty acids have more than one double bond in the carbon chain.

It is, of course, possible to count the position of these double bonds from the other end of the chain, the methyl group end. In these two examples, the first double bond to be encountered in linoleic acid is at the sixth carbon atom and, for this reason, linoleic acid is also called an omega-6 polyunsaturate. In linolenic acid, the first double bond is at the third carbon atom and so linolenic acid is called an omega-3 polyunsaturate.

The fourth type of fatty acid, trans fatty acids, are also unsaturated but, in this case, some or all of the double bonds are in the trans configuration. As such, they can gradually be produced and build up in used frying oils. However, trans fatty acids are also found naturally in the milk and meat of ruminant animals such as cattle.

The trans fatty acids in milk are mainly vaccenic acid a trans -monounsaturate with a double bond between carbon atoms 11 and 12 and conjugated linoleic acid CLA with a cis double bond between carbon atoms 9 and 10 and a trans double bond between carbon atoms 11 and These fatty acids have not been found to have adverse consequences and may, indeed, be positive.

Increasing the chain length of a fatty acid increases its melting point - so stearic acid C18 melts at a higher temperature than lauric acid C Increasing the number of cis double bonds in a fatty acid decreases its melting point - so, considering the group of fatty acids with 18 carbon atoms, the melting point decreases going from stearic no double bonds to oleic one double bond to linoleic two double bonds to linolenic three double bonds acids.

Changing the double bond configuration from cis to trans increases the melting point - so elaidic acid the trans equivalent of oleic acid has a higher melting point than oleic acid. Different food applications require different melting points and different melting profiles the change in percentage of solid fat with temperature for both processing and sensory functionalities. The ability to have a range of fats and oils available with different physical characteristics is of fundamental importance to food product developers.

However, fatty acids in these different groups and, in some cases, fatty acids within the same group have different nutritional effects, particularly their effects on blood cholesterol levels which, in turn, can impact on cardiovascular disease risk. This will be considered in more detail later in this document. We refer to saturated fats but this only says that they are naturally occurring fats in which saturated fatty acids predominate.

The same thing can be said about monounsaturated fats, polyunsaturated fats and trans fats. Different food applications require fats with different functionalities and, therefore, different fatty acid compositions. These different requirements for specific applications will be considered in more detail in a later section.

Sometimes, the requirements can be completely fulfilled by a naturally occurring fat or a combination of naturally occurring fats. For example, chocolate can be made purely from cocoa butter or, in the case of milk chocolate, from cocoa butter and butterfat. In some applications, though, the portfolio of fats as they occur in nature do not totally fulfil the functional requirements and so the fats need to undergo some kind of processing to obtain the required functionality.

One of the earliest oil processing methods was hydrogenation List and King, In the presence of a catalyst usually nickel the double bonds in a liquid oil can react with hydrogen in two ways.

Either a hydrogen molecule can react with the carbon atoms in an unsaturated bond to convert it into a saturated single bond.

This has a higher melting point and so a liquid oil can be converted into a solid fat.

We meet Lennie Small and George Milton : two guys who are among the poor and the scrambling. These two are dressed nearly identically, but there the similarities end. George is small and smart, Lennie is huge and mentally slow.

We can tell from his dialogue and actions that he's got some major problems. Lennie drops to his knees and drinks from a pool of dirty water, slurping out of it like a horse. George verbally swats him. This is the dynamic of their relationship in a nutshell: Lennie acts like a kid, and George admonishes him like a parent. Make that a parent who swears a lot. The setting in this novel contains the "golden foothill slopes" and the "strong and rocky Gabilan Mountains. The rabbits, lizards, and herons are out in this peaceful setting.

The only signs of man are a worn footpath beaten hard by boys going swimming and tramps looking for a campsite, piles of ashes made by many fires, and a limb "worn smooth by men who have sat on it. The two main characters are introduced first by their description and then with their names. Their physical portrayal emphasizes both their similarities and their individuality.

They both wear similar clothes and carry blanket rolls, and the larger man imitates the smaller. But they are more dissimilar than they are alike: One is huge and shapeless; the other small and carefully defined.

Lennie, the larger man, lumbers along heavily like a bear; George is small and has slender arms and small hands. The men also react differently to the pond: Lennie practically immerses himself in the water, snorting it up and drinking in long, greedy gulps. He fills his hat and puts it on his head, letting the water trickle merrily down his shoulders. George, on the other hand, is more cautious, wondering about the quality of the water before he drinks a small sample. Some critics of the work consider George, and especially Lennie, somewhat flat representations of purity, goodness, and fraternal devotion, rather than convincing portraits of complex, conflicted human beings.

They charge Steinbeck with being excessively sentimental in his portrayal of his protagonists, his romanticization of male friendship, and in the deterministic plot that seems designed to destroy this friendship. Whether or not these issues constitute a flaw in the novella, it is true that Steinbeck places George, Lennie, and their relationship on a rather high pedestal. Nowhere is this more clear than in the story George constantly tells about the farm they one day plan to own.

This piece of land represents a world in which the two men can live together just as they are, without dangers and without apologies. No longer will they be run out of towns like Weed or be subject to the demeaning and backbreaking will of others. Their vision becomes so powerful that it will eventually attract other men, who will beg to be a part of it.

True to the nature of tragedy, Steinbeck makes the vision of the farm so beautiful and the fraternal bond between George and Lennie so strong in order to place his protagonists at a considerable height from which to fall. From the very beginning, Steinbeck heavily foreshadows the doom that awaits the men. The clearing into which the two travelers stumble may resemble Eden, but it is, in fact, a world with dangers lurking at every turn.

Ace your assignments with our guide to Of Mice and Men! SparkTeach Teacher's Handbook. Why did Steinbeck choose the title Of Mice and Men? Symbols are objects, characters, figures, and colors used to represent abstract ideas or concepts.

The farm that George constantly describes to Lennie—those few acres of land on which they will grow their own food and tend their own livestock—is one of the most powerful symbols in the book.

It seduces not only the other characters but also the reader, who, like the men, wants to believe in the possibility of the free, idyllic life it promises. Candy is immediately drawn in by the dream, and even the cynical Crooks hopes that Lennie and George will let him live there too. A paradise for men who want to be masters of their own lives, the farm represents the possibility of freedom, self-reliance, and protection from the cruelties of the world. Lennie kills the puppy accidentally, as he has killed many mice before, by virtue of his failure to recognize his own strength.

Your doctor or dentist will examine the bumps and will likely diagnose them on appearance alone. If your doctor is unsure if the bump is a lie bump or from a condition like human papillomavirus , they may take a biopsy to test for a differential diagnosis. To do this, your doctor will likely numb the area with a local anesthetic.

There are home remedies and over-the-counter OTC treatments available to reduce your symptoms and help the condition resolve faster. These include:. While lie bumps are painful, they often resolve fairly soon after they appear without any kind of treatment. Home treatments can help them resolve even faster. But there are other causes, too. See something that looks like a skin tag on your tongue?

Skin tags only grow…. Spots on your tongue can signal different conditions depending on the color, shape, and location. Learn more about ways to identify spots on your…. A tongue bump or sore can be caused by various conditions, ranging from enlarged papillae to mouth cancer. Find out what these bumps mean and how to….

Macroglossia is usually caused by an underlying condition, or it could be present at birth without an underlying cause. It should be treated by a…. People who have tongue-tie into adulthood usually adapt to the condition by using their tongue atypically, but this can cause side effects In the long….

Tongue sucking is typically a habit, but can also be due to a medical condition. Women's Health. Primary Care.

Mental Health. More Button Icon Circle with three vertical dots. It indicates a way to see more nav menu items inside the site menu by triggering the side menu to open and close. Ashley Laderer. Our stories are reviewed by medical professionals to ensure you get the most accurate and useful information about your health and wellness. For more information, visit our medical review board.

Bumps on your tongue may be lie bumps, canker sores, cold sores, or in rare cases, oral cancer. Lie bumps are common and happen when the small bumps on your tongue become inflamed. Oral cancer is the rarest possibility and may appear as a growth or sore on your tongue. Visit Insider's Health Reference library for more advice. Ashley Laderer is a freelance writer from New York who specializes in health and wellness. Follow her on Twitter ashladerer.

Additional comments. Email optional. The clinical appearance is the same as in the child. Transient U-shaped lingual papillitis often associated with swelling of the tongue is reported to be the most common oral mucosal change observed in patients with COVID Eruptive lingual papillitis.

Transient lingual papillitis and eruptive lingual papillitis are usually diagnosed clinically based on typical presentation. Mucosal biopsy shows inflammation and swelling of a fungiform papilla, but is not usually necessary. Special stains fail to detect viral, fungal or bacterial infection. In the papulokeratotic variant, biopsy shows severe hyperparakeratosis and mild chronic inflammation. Usually no treatment is required for the classic form of transient lingual papillitis as the condition resolves within hours or days.

However, the majority of sufferers have found nothing to relieve the symptoms or prevent recurrence. In eruptive lingual papillitis, paracetamol, ibuprofen and topical antiseptics have not been found to alter the duration or severity of the symptoms in children.

See smartphone apps to check your skin. Books about skin diseases Books about the skin Dermatology Made Easy book. DermNet NZ does not provide an online consultation service. If you have any concerns with your skin or its treatment, see a dermatologist for advice.

Update July Transient lingual papillitis — codes and concepts open. Tongue torche, Lie bumps. Age site specific, Other inflammatory disorder. Eruptive lingual papillitis, Eruptive familial lingual papillitis, Fungiform papillary glossitis, Fungiform papillae, Classic form of lingual papillitis, Papulokeratotic form of lingual papillitis, Transient U-shaped lingual papillitis, COVID Transient lingual papillitis: a papulokeratotic variant. Transient lingual papillitis: a retrospective study of 11 cases and review of the literature.

J Clin Exp Dent.

This means they will go over the facts of the case and tell you, the jury, about the relevant law. The judge will also give you advice before you retire to the jury room to discuss the case. Think about their comments carefully as judges are lawyers with years of experience. Inside the jury room jurors discuss the case by carefully considering the evidence presented in court by:. It is an offence, punishable with a fine or imprisonment, for a juror to tell anyone about any statements, opinions, arguments or votes made by jury members while they are considering the case.

If a jury encounters any problems while they are discussing the case amongst themselves, they can contact the judge through the jury keepers for guidance. The jury will be brought back into the courtroom and the judge will remind them that they should not talk to anyone about the case.

They will then be formally released until the following morning. When you have reached a verdict, tell the jury keeper and you will be taken back into the courtroom. The court clerk will ask the foreperson to deliver the verdict on each charge. The foreperson must take care to only answer the questions that the court clerk asks them. When this has been done, your task is over, but stay in the jury box until the judge tells you to leave.

If the defendant has been found guilty, the judge may pass sentence immediately. The judge might adjourn the case until reports are made available to the court. They will pass sentence on a different day. The judge will direct the jury about any further attendance or if they are no longer needed. We will not reply to your feedback. Don't include any personal or financial information, for example National Insurance, credit card numbers, or phone numbers.

The nidirect privacy notice applies to any information you send on this feedback form. Comments or queries about angling can be emailed to anglingcorrespondence daera-ni. If you have a comment or query about benefits, you will need to contact the government department or agency which handles that benefit.

Contacts for common benefits are listed below. Call Email dcs. Call Email customerservice. Comments or queries about the Blue Badge scheme can be emailed to bluebadges infrastructure-ni. For queries or advice about claiming compensation due to a road problem, contact DFI Roads claim unit. For queries about your identity check, email nida nidirect. Information The jury fulfils a very important function in the legal system.

The verdict At the conclusion of the trial, the jurors are given an issue paper, which states the issues that the jury must consider in reaching its verdict. Rules Jurors must: Decide the facts of the case only. Remain impartial and independent. Remain uninfluenced by any person. It is an offence for any person who is not a member of the jury to attempt to influence a juror in any way.

Keep statements made in the jury room confidential. Jurors should not discuss the case with any person other than members of the jury. Page edited: 10 May Related Documents Criminal trials An introduction to the various types of criminal trial that take place in Ireland.

The law regarding criminal insanity and mental health sets out rules on fitness to plead, diminished responsibility and the Mental Health Review Board. What is jury service? Types of Cases Heard by Juries There are two types of judicial proceedings in the federal courts that use juries. At least six people make up a civil jury. The jury must come to a unanimous decision unless specified otherwise. Working Together: Judge and Jury The judge determines the appropriate law that should be applied to the case and the jury finds the facts in the case based on what is presented to them during the proceedings.

Both lawyers are allowed to ask questions about their potential biases and may excuse jurors from service. Opening statements allow the prosecutor and the defense attorney to briefly tell their account of the events.

These statements usually are short like an outline and do not involve witnesses or evidence. The prosecutor makes an opening statement first because the Government has the burden of proving that the defendant committed the crime. Witness Examination Following opening statements, the prosecutor begins direct examination of his first witness. During direct examination, the prosecutor can introduce evidence such as a weapon or something from the crime scene. The purpose of cross examination is to create doubt as to the credibility of the witness.

After the defense attorney cross examines the witness, the prosecutor asks the witness final questions to clarify any confusing testimony for the jury. This is called redirect examination. Once the process of direct examination, cross examination, and redirect of all the witnesses is complete, the prosecutor rests his case.

After the prosecutor rests, no more witnesses can be called to the stand or evidence introduced by the government. After the Government rests, the defense has the opportunity to present witnesses and evidence to the jury. The defense also has the option of not having the defendant testify.

These types of lockers are primarily used in racing situations. However, they are not as strong as a traditional locker because they rely on the OEM carrier and reliability could become an issue if power adders, larger wheels and tires, and other modifications are made to the vehicle.

Differentials and traction control. Locking Differentials. A locking differential provides maximum traction to both wheels even when one is off the ground.

What is a locking differential? Locking Differential noun : A differential that provides a locked axle condition. How do locking differentials work? Locking differentials use various methods to lock the axles together and can be automatic or driver-selectable, depending on the model.

Although the diff-lock is great for when we lose traction, it can often fight against us when we need to corner for our next obstacle. So it is always important to only use your diff lock when necessary, and wherever possible, let the diff do its job.

For most off-roading situations, the diff-lock is not necessary. Sometimes, the answer to wheel spin, can be as simple as reversing back and trying a new path, putting Maxtrax or other objects under the wheel to improve traction, or simply breaking out the recovery gear or shovel and getting through the old fashioned way. If you need any more information, the team at Motorama are always happy to run you through your cars features.

And, remember, if you're taking your car on a trip over the holidays - it's always a good idea to see our expert service team to make sure everything's running smoothly before you get on the road or off road! Any 4x4 purchased comes with complimentary membership to join the Motorama 4X4XMORE Club, which includes invites to tag-along tours to explore some of Queensland's most iconic 4x4 locations.

Learn more. What Does a Diff Lock Do? Posted by Motorama in Buyer Advice You might not know what everything on your car does, but we're here to help. Why do diff-locks help? As such, all powered axles — front and rear in a 4WD - have a differential.

This differential will direct power to the wheel that is easiest to rotate — providing different power to each wheel according to its needs. Cars only have one differential, but 4X4 vehicles can have up to three differentials — front, centre and rear.

A differential lock secures this differential in place, making all the wheels on the axle move at the same speed. This pushes equal power through to all wheels, which is needed when handling difficult terrain. The diff lock forces all wheels to spin at the same speed, regardless of traction. This is helpful if you encounter difficult terrain and one or more wheels leave the ground, as full power remains on the other wheels ensuring you are still moving in the direction of travel.

This may be the wheel that has the most driving power, leaving the other three wheels struggling to get enough traction to push the vehicle forward. A locking differential ensures that maximum power is put into all wheels, providing a much needed boost to your forward propulsion. Therefore, your differential lock provides a traction control system and is a key component to preventing wheel spin, which can prove a life saver in treacherous driving conditions, such as snow or ice.

First, a diff lock should not be engaged for on road driving, unless weather conditions such as snow or ice mean that extra traction is required.

After you become infected, it can take weeks or even months for a wart or verruca to appear. Warts and verrucas aren't usually serious and can be treated by a pharmacist. Your pharmacist may recommend that you see your GP if required.

Most types of warts are easy to identify because they have a distinctive appearance. You should always see your pharmacist first if you have a growth on your skin you are unable to identify or are worried about.

Your pharmacist will be able to tell if it's a wart simply by looking at it. Where it is on your body and how it affects surrounding skin will also be taken into consideration. The length of time it takes a wart to disappear will vary from person to person. It may take up to 2 years for the viral infection to leave your system and for the wart to disappear. You might decide to treat your wart if it is painful, or in an area that is causing discomfort or embarrassment.

Treatment for warts is not always completely effective, and a wart will sometimes return following treatment.

Read more about how warts are treated. Warts are not usually painful, but some types, such as verrucas, may hurt. They can occasionally itch or bleed.

There are several different types of warts, all varying in size and shape. The different types are described below. It is possible to have between one and several hundred plane warts, which can develop in clusters. They are usually:. Plane warts can sometimes develop on the lower legs of women, as the human papilloma virus HPV can be spread through shaving.

Mosaic warts grow in clusters and form a "tile-like" pattern. They often develop on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. Warts are caused by certain strains of the human papilloma virus HPV. The virus is present in the skin cells of a wart. There are more than different strains of HPV. Different strains are responsible for different types of warts. HPV is passed on through close skin-to-skin contact. It can also be transmitted indirectly by contact with contaminated objects, such as towels, shoes, areas surrounding swimming pools, or the floors of communal changing areas.

Warts are thought to be contagious for as long as they are present on your body. The virus is more likely to spread if the skin is wet, soft or has been in contact with a rough surface.

This can cause the wart to break up and bleed, making it easier for the virus to spread. You are more vulnerable to verrucas if you have scratches or cuts on the soles of your feet.

Warts usually clear up without treatment. However, it can take up to 2 years for the virus to leave your system and the warts to disappear. The length of time it takes for a wart to disappear will vary from person to person. They tend to last longer in older children and adults. In adults and people with a weakened immune system, warts are less likely to clear up on their own or respond well to treatment.

Leaving the wart to go away by itself is one option. However, you may want to consider treatment if your wart is painful, in an awkward position, or is causing you distress or embarrassment. Everyone can benefit from a good facial cleanser, and many products are specially formulated for dry, sensitive skin. Blue lips are most often caused when something is preventing you from getting enough oxygen into your body.

Read on to discover some of the causes of…. Before, during, or after — Use lube anytime during sex. But some lubes are better than others, depending on your style. Learn which type is right for…. Health Conditions Discover Plan Connect. Medically reviewed by Karen Gill, M. Person-to-person spread Body spread Surface-to-person spread Prevention Outlook Overview Warts are hard, noncancerous lumps on your skin. There are several different types of warts, including: common warts flat warts plantar warts filiform warts genital warts caused by a different type of HPV than the others All types of warts are contagious.

How warts spread from person to person. How warts spread to other parts of your body. How warts spread from a surface to a person. How spreading warts can be prevented. These openings make it easier for HPV to get inside your body. Wear flip-flops or pool shoes in locker rooms, pool areas, and public showers. HPV thrives in warm, moist areas. Shoes and flip-flops help protect your feet from the virus, which can prevent plantar warts on your feet.

Wearing flip-flops or other shoes in moist areas, such as piers, pool decks, and public showers can reduce your risk of developing warts on your feet. Make sure your children get the HPV vaccine.

This vaccine helps protect against genital warts and different cancers that could develop in the genital area. This vaccine is most protective when the person receives it before being exposed to the types of HPV that can cause genital warts and genital cancers.

Treat hyperhidrosis. This is a medical condition that causes people to sweat excessively. People who have hyperhidrosis often sweat when other people feel comfortable or even cool.

When people sweat frequently, their skin becomes damp and soft. Having damp, soft skin may increase the risk of getting HPV infection, which could lead to a wart. While you can often clear a wart at home, some warts can be stubborn. If the person has a weakened immune system, it can be difficult to get rid of warts. Sometimes, what looks like a wart turns out to be a callus or another type of growth. A dermatologist can create an effective treatment plan.

Warts: Signs, symptoms, and treatment. They're small, grainy bumps that are rough to the touch. They're usually flesh-colored, white, pink or tan.

Common warts are small, grainy skin growths that occur most often on your fingers or hands. Rough to the touch, common warts also often feature a pattern of tiny black dots, which are small, clotted blood vessels. Common warts are caused by a virus and are transmitted by touch.

It can take a wart as long as two to six months to develop after your skin has been exposed to the virus. Common warts are usually harmless and eventually disappear on their own. But many people choose to remove them because they find them bothersome or embarrassing. Common warts are caused by the human papillomavirus HPV. The virus is quite common and has more than types, but only a few cause warts on your hands.

Bail is the full amount of money required for the release of someone who has been arrested as explained above. A bail bond is a legal document provided by a bondsman who is licensed through the state, which guarantees the courts that a defendant will appear in court as scheduled in exchange for his or her release from jail in the meanwhile.

The bond is a contract involving the person who was arrested the principal , the surety the bondsman and the municipal court the obligee. While the Florida bond schedule demands a minimum amount of bail, a bail bondsman provides a way for someone to get out of jail for only a fraction of the full bail amount.

If you pay a cash bail directly to the court system without the help of a bondsman and the defendant makes his or her court appearance as promised, the money is refundable except for court costs and fees, which can be as much as 10 to 15 percent of the bond amount.

This is why most people choose to use a bondsman. Bail premiums money paid to a bail bondsman are non-refundable. As long as the defendant shows up to court as scheduled no other fees will be applied. When someone has forfeited bail, any money paid in order to be released from jail after his or her arrest will be given to the court. If any collateral was put up as payment for bail, the property will also be released to the bondsman in order to pay the court.

There are 7 bond conditions. As long as those 7 conditions are not broken, the bondsman cannot revoke a bond. But if any of those 7 conditions are broken, the bondsman deserves the right to revoke the bond and bring the defendant back to the jurisdiction of the courts.

Fees may apply if any bail bond condition is broken. Obtaining a bail bond has never been easier! For a lot of people, a bail bondsman may seem like the only solution to an unfortunate situation. However, it is not your only option, and in the long run may not be in your best interest.

Before calling the bail bondsman, call the experienced criminal defense attorneys at Bloom Legal. We offer free consultations, and we can advise you on all your options. In some cases, we are able to negotiate with the judge to get a reduced bail or a no bail. This means that the court does not set a bail amount, and instead releases the defendant on the good faith that they will show up to their court proceedings.

The bail bondsman may seem like the fastest option for getting someone out of jail. Unfortunately, too many people wind up spending their money on a bondsman, and then are unable to hire a proper attorney for the ensuing criminal proceedings. At Bloom Legal, we care about our clients and what happens to them. We understand the ways in which the criminal justice system disproportionately and negatively impacts lower income people.

We make it our mission to try to make the best out of a bad situation for every clients. If you or someone you know has been arrested, call Bloom Legal today , and we will do everything we can not only to get them out of jail, but to keep them out.

I found myself under false accusations and he really came through. I was really freaking out, and Robert was able to make me feel like I was in good hands. Bail is a refundable deposit that allows the defendant to get out of jail until their court date. The deposit is used as collateral to ensure the defendant will return to court for trial or any applicable court proceedings. Not all cases will be given the option for bail.

Options for bail are offered based on the jurisdiction, the type of crime, and whether the court believes the defendant will attempt to go on the run. This is often known as a flight risk. If the defendant shows up for court, the bail is refunded by the court. If the defendant does not show up for court, the court keeps the deposit or collateral and a warrant is issued for an arrest.

Many defendants will want to be bailed out of jail as soon as possible to keep their jobs, take care of their children and prepare for their court proceedings with a clear head. Sometimes court proceedings can take weeks or months and it is understandable why people would not want to put their lives on hold while awaiting court or trial.

This page will answer questions about what a bail bond is, how a bail bond works, what a bail hearing is, what happens when a defendant does not show up for court, and what a bounty hunter is.

A bail bond is a way for a defendant to pay the jail to get out of jail until their court date. If the defendant cannot afford bail, they must wait in jail until their court date.

In many jurisdictions and situations, you do have the option of paying the full amount of bail yourself. There are many offenses that have small bond amounts. If the jail accepts credit card payments, defendants are also able to charge the amount for a fee. If the defendant can pay the full amount of the set bail, finding a way to pay the jail is another tricky task.

When you are taken into custody, often your personal items will be taken from you. Large amounts of cash may be taken as evidence. Some jail locations will not accept credit cards.

If they do, there is usually a large fee involved. Defendants also have the option of contacting a bail agent. The reason many people choose to do this is because they only pay a portion of the bond upfront when using an agency. Many times, friends or relatives of the defendant may contact a bail agent on their behalf. If you decide to hire a bail bondsmen or agent, they will write up a contract to ensure that you understand that you are responsible for the defendant showing up in all court proceedings.

If the defendant does not show up, you will be responsible for the full amount of the bail. Since arrests can happen at any time, bail bond agencies are typically open twenty-four hours a day. Many times, payment and paperwork can be completed electronically which can help expedite the process.

The paperwork is a contract between the person posting bail and ensures that they fully understand that they are agreeing to be responsible for the defendant showing up to all court proceedings.

The paperwork will also discuss what they have put on the line some form of collateral to ensure that person shows up in court.

General Comment I think this song is just about a girl that plant was in love with. It talks about how much he loves her in the beginning, so i dont think it could be about a hooker. I think he refers to her as his "street corner girl" because she wasnt true to him and thats what he thinks of her as.

I think the line General Comment everyone basically said what i was going to say, but anyways this is an excellant song, a classic Zildjian on April 10, Link. My Interpretation This song is about an unrequited love. The man I don't think is RP is in love with a woman who simply doesn't love him to the degree to which she would make a commitment.

He speaks of the people together going to church with some envy, as he is seeking a women who will be by his side in front of God. He wants a more traditional committed relationship while she still wants to plat the field. She is definitely not a prostitute, "the street corner" girl is meant to be derogatory not literal. Either way, our hero is conflicted because he is in love, she is beautiful, and the sex is great as she is well-practiced. She makes no secret about her willingness to at a minimum play the field and at worst, be the town flouzee.

You hear him sing "Yeah No Yeah No Yeah No" to voice how conflicted he is whether to enjoy what he can and hope for a commitment or be true to his values and leave. The last line, which is my personal favorite in any Led Zeppelin son, voices his conclusion: "I got a worried mind sharing what I thought was mine.

General Comment i think this song is about his love for a girl that was from the wrong side of the tracks. He loves her and wants to be with her but, he can't deal with this othr side of her anymore.

Hence the title" Hey Hey what can I do. THis is proven when he is talking about everyone else being with the one they love while he is walking the streets looking for his "street corner girl". And it's also proven when he sings the line " my little lover does a midnight shift. And he keeps saying that she son't be true, I don't know either way , i love this tune. It's definetely one of my favorites and it amkes me wonder if Robert Plant really did date a hooker.

I love how romantic most of Led Zeppelin's songs are when u actually read the lyrics. What a ladie's man. You can see why read all here. And Welcomed your input. Going to decide to put this You Tube Lyric song in my Fbook page. General Comment My platoon sings this as a cadence on our regular 24km route marches. This is the perfect song for that - kudos to whoever started it! Bedow on July 29, Question Can anyone show or discover proof interviews, original record liner notes, scans or pictures of the handwritten lyrics, etc.

To me, the answer would shed a great deal of light on the nature of the conflict. It would also either support or cast doubt as to wether or not she is a prostitute. Sorrow, remorse I think this would make for a far more interesting character and story.

Supposedly this is a rare record and at one time a mostly unknown song. I imagine getting a definitive answer on a minute change five decades ago will be a hell of a challenge. Any proof would be much appreciated! Ain't no doubt. Artists - L. Rate These Lyrics. Why not add your own? Log in to add a tag.

Probably the least interesting song on Zoso. It grinds along, and we never find out why the owls are crying in the night. The band at theirmost charming, until you concentrate on the words. A lot of it was received nonsense, and of course they were products of their time. But their inability to see beyond that is a strong part of the case against the band. I find the muddled production and the tedious outro kills it, though.

A real mess. The other is leaden, labored, and comes across as contrived. Then ending fanfare is swell, however, another examples of the Page throwaways that would be the pride of many other bands. A quiet, not-quite-convincing number from III.

Page was trying to show breadth, which was fine. One of the very long jams on Physical Graffiti , a major statement and a bid for critical respect.

First, you consider that time has not been kind to such constructions. The long, linear arcs seem torpid. Yes, those are some neat guitar sounds, delivered with majesty, but they are repeated ad infinitum, and often at somewhat slow speed. On the other hand, you get both slow and fast here. But then you reflect again that time has not been kind to such constructions.

A moody acoustic number with a distinctive model tuning. The tabla is by a guy named Viram Jasani, one of a very small number of guest players on a Led Zeppelin album.

Repeat for six to eight minutes. This is by any standards a minor Zeppelin song, but the loud-soft dynamics, more subtle here than in a lot of Zep tracks, and the bright sense of sound and space in the recording, work well. And yet another great fanfare outro. Docked ten notches for song theft.

Bron-Yr-Aur is a remote cabin the band would go to to write. It was said not to have electricity or running water; Page paid for a caretaker. A nice-sounding, somewhat humble love plaint. Ten years into his career as a star, Plant seems to be discovering that need and vulnerability can be sexy, too.

Page contributes a restrained guitar attack. The band generally did a great job on their album covers. III had a distinctive spinning wheel hidden inside the record sleeve, with die-cut holes designed to show all sorts of things as you spun the wheel. Marks Place in New York, with the windows cut out to let various pictures on the inner sleeve show through.

In Through the Out Door was even more novel. Sold in a brown-paper wrapper, the actual album sleeve featured different photos from a bar scene, and on the back, a variety of odd close-ups of the scene, in black and white, made out of what looked like Ben-Day dots. Turned out that if you put spit or water on them, they turned color! Of all the acoustic-based numbers the band had recorded up to the fourth album, you had the feeling that the band was stretching to include the music, rather than letting it grow organically out of their process.

To me, this is the track that shows how a truly heavy band could soften things up convincingly. Another statement of guitar and studio dominance by Page. The beginning, a huge, swaggery beat, is a little show-offy, but the groove it eventually hits — yet another of those minor Page riffs that would mark the high point of a lesser band — is a heavy one, indeed. Houses of the Holy is the band at their height. The abstract songs here are even more abstract.

This is probably some great war epic, but all you really notice is the sound texture — is that a Leslie the vocals are going through?

Not too much else going on, though. The closer to the second album starts out all folksy and bluesy, and then erupts. The riffs are fine, but second-tier. A quick and dirty rave-up on the lagging second side of the debut. Page contributes some very crisp, very hard riffs. Percy finds some nice people in a park.

A little novelty rave-up from the multivaried last album. The remasters bring out some depth — and make audible the drums — in this lulling mood piece, in which guitars are barely audible. It it too long?

A deceptive, gentle propulsive rush marked a gem from the last side of Physical Graffiti , anchored by a convincing strut of a guitar line.

Almost 50 years ago, they were audacious reinterpretations of a catalogue still considered sacred. Upped five notches for documentary value. An economical less than five minutes, positively breezy for this band rave-up that, over the years, has taken on more stature than it deserves.

Another odd song from In Through the Out Door. Anchored by a simple synth line and a very spare back-up, it feels at first like a misfire. Another tribute to Bron-Yr-Aur, in a rare instrumental track. Back in the LP day, side-openers counted for something.

To my ears the song has a dry shrillness, a high-pitched trebly patina, that I associate with heroin. Houses of the Holy is not often noted for its extraordinary sonics. This very trebly, highly mechanical track is case in point. In the end, the band achieves something close to grandeur.

Docked a notch or two for being the same song, repeated twice. Note how, in contrast to the severe crispness of most of his guitar riffs, here he lets the chords reverberate. The result: an utterly anachronistic nostalgic hymn to the s.

The leadoff track of In Through the Out Door has a panoply of guitar sounds that would stand with his most creative work; a flurry of notes melding into a huge bank of running sound that skids into full stops and then eases into lulling interludes. Late-career message from M. This supposedly novelty number, half reggae and half doo-wop, was done as a joke; Bonham and Jones were said to hate it, and the band responded balefully when it was released as a single against their wishes and became a significant radio hit.

Two ways to look at it: It is a crude faux reggae, to be sure, and kinda goofy. But somewhere on the road to novelty the band came up with something different. The bridge is a stunner. The mix is significantly different from many other Houses tracks. Lovely, doomed Sandy Denny was the one of a trio of magnificent British female singers in the s — the others were Linda Thompson and Christine Perfect, later McVie.

Her voice was at once powerful and delicate, and one of her legacies was this duet with Plant, which is where the real battle takes place. Soft Zeppelin at their loveliest. This plangent lyrical throwaway has been unjustly overlooked. You can hear fingers on the frets, nails or a pick passing across the strings, to add just a touch of humanity to spar with electronically treated pedal steel. It was a fitting end for this not-quite-human. To their credit, the other band members never considered moving forward.

There was a wan, highly uninteresting album of outtakes, Coda , and in the nearly 40 years since, but a small handful of instances where the three members played on the same stage at the same time. But it also meant that the band never had the chance to grow old and start to suck. I go into all this to point out that In Through the Out Door is a remarkable work by a band of their age, and on this song and several others, you can see the entire band moving forward toward a more mature music, past the thudding guitars and preening sexism.

This song, written by Jones and Plant, is case in point. I hear the sound of musicians having passed the point of needing to overwhelm their listeners. I hear a musician having passed the point of needing to overwhelm his listeners.

John Paul Jones contributes a somber keyboard interlude, and then you can hear him and his master Page duet. A blistering assault roughed up with sudden changes in dynamic and tone. The high-speed solos are articulate and true, and throughout he keeps layering on new guitar sounds.

Evil—esque lilt. This track is to my mind the most underappreciated in the Zeppelin catalogue. So what makes it work? Well, for one, things get really loud; Page tries mightily to approximate the sound of a mountain being dropped on your head. And finally, there are the words. Plant turns this simple situation into an emotional maelstrom of the first order.

Upped several notches for creating the sound of a mountain being dropped on your head. The opening guitar lines for decades were played by every young boy and girl with dreams of guitar-herodom alive in their heads. Sounds best on string, of course, but you can make an approximation with six.

Everything works, right up to the burst of abstract sound that sees the song out. Ominous beginning, another of those full-bodied Plant vocal performances, a half-dozen or so unique noises, Jones and Bonham both at top furious form — and the mother of all guitar barrages, too. Page does everything to a guitar you can do over the course of this song, from delicate harmonics to sawing it — and then beating it — with a violin bow. Compare, for example, the Who at their supposed best, on the longer tracks of Live at Leeds.

The Who were an impressive band, but a lot of their stuff is tedious. Docked three additional notches for songwriting theft. There are almost a dozen instances where the band has been accused, with varying degrees of seriousness, of ripping off lyrics or guitar riffs.

Of all of these, this is the clearest and most egregious. It was even credited to Holmes on a live Yardbirds album Page played on! One suspects that if Page had written the song, he would certainly have demanded a correction, and the royalties. Yet he took the credit for himself on at least two albums that have sold untold millions of copies, earning something in the neighborhood of a half-million in sales royalties and radio play.

Page has lied about it in interviews, too — but eventually settled out of court with Holmes. Just means we should remember that Page as a young man was a petty in this case, not so petty thief, and as an older man capable of lying about it when caught. Like everyone else, I have lost my ability to hear this song, dragged down as it is by overfamiliarity.

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These cookies do not store any personal information. Facebook Facebook Twitter Twitter. Updated April 27, Choosing a Bible It's essential to own at least one Bible in an easy-to-understand translation and one in the version your minister uses in church services. Know the purpose your Bible will be used for, and then choose a Bible that best fits that purpose. Get advice from experienced and trusted Bible readers regarding which Bible to buy. Shop around and stick to your budget when choosing the best Bible for you.

Cite this Article Format. Fairchild, Mary. A Quick Overview of Bible Translations. Your Privacy Rights. To change or withdraw your consent choices for LearnReligions. At any time, you can update your settings through the "EU Privacy" link at the bottom of any page. These choices will be signaled globally to our partners and will not affect browsing data.

We and our partners process data to: Actively scan device characteristics for identification. I Accept Show Purposes. But as I searched bookstore after bookstore for a new study Bible the summer between my junior and senior year in college, everyone had an opinion on which one I should get.

And unfortunately none of them agreed. Get the King James Version - it's the most authentic, some said. Get the New International Version - it's one of the most readable, others commented.

Find a Bible with a good concordance, so you can dig deep into God's Word, I was told. Much to my surprise those who critiqued my earlier suggestions, disagreed with this one as well.

It was a no-win situation. The Bible isn't a top-secret nuclear document - it's much more powerful. But its power to change lives is only unleashed when you open God's Word and begin to read it. So picking the right version isn't near as important as picking up the Bible in the first place. But finding a Bible that fits your spiritual needs and personality can be an important part of your Christian journey.

If you know a few key principles, you can make the search for a new Bible a much more pleasant experience. Whether you are searching for your own study Bible or looking to pick up one for a friend, you should find these principles helpful:. Any English version of the Bible is a translation from the original documents written in Greek, Hebrew and Aramaic.

Certain Bibles might be more literal translations than others, but practically all of them are translations from the originals. In other words, don't fall into the trap of picking a more traditional biblical translation because you believe it to be more "authentic. No one Bible has it all. Some study Bibles come with concordances, biblical dictionaries, colorful maps or important scripture application tools.

Few come with all of them. Similarly, not all Bible translations fit every use. This doesn't mean you have to buy hundreds of Bibles, but it does mean that you should be a careful consumer. Buy a Bible that is appropriate for the way you use it.

Any translation too cumbersome to read on a daily basis isn't the right Bible for you. Find a version you feel comfortable using. The most important thing about picking a Bible is finding one you will read! Types of Bibles:. But, cleverly concealed in the free Filament Bible app is all the study notes you could ever wish for, plus reflection articles for your personal meditation and visuals that help to explain the context, verses, and meanings.

Every page is linked to a digital library of relevant content designed to help you read deeply. And the best part? And, bonus, this one comes in the easy-to-read New Living Translation too! Perhaps you want something clarified. Or maybe you need to know what God has to say on a particular subject.

With its extensive index, you can find the parts of the Bible that speak to many different life-needs, emotions, and issues. Purchase a copy here.

Skip to content Trying to select a Bible as, or for, a new believer can be really confusing. Actually we can help you with that one! This glossary helps to explain what a large portion of these new words mean and offers places where you can find them being used or explained in the Bible.

There are four reading tracks. Each track, or guide, will send you on a journey through the Bible following a useful subject for Bible-reading beginners. It will point you toward the major events throughout Scripture where these subjects are covered and provides notes to help you fully understand what this means for you. Prophecies about Jesus. The Message.

When you become a new believer and start reading the Bible, it can be overwhelming seeing how large the Holy Bible is and can feel like an impossible task to take on. Manage consent.

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