When was man introduced in oracle

For example, enter the command at the RMAN prompt as follows:. RMAN backs up data to the configured default device for the type of backup requested. By default, RMAN creates backups on disk. By default, RMAN creates backup sets rather than image copies. A backup set consists of one or more backup pieces, which are physical files written in a format that only RMAN can access.

A multiplexed backup set contains the blocks from multiple input files. RMAN can write backup sets to disk or tape. You can use RMAN to make image copies while the database is open. The backup is called an inconsistent backup because redo is required during recovery to bring the database to a consistent state. If you have the archived redo logs needed to recover the backup, open database backups are as effective for data protection as consistent backups.

To back up the database and archived redo logs while the database is open:. For example, enter the following command at the RMAN prompt to back up the database and all archived redo log files to the default backup device:. For the backup to be consistent, the database must be mounted after a consistent shutdown. No recovery is required after restoring the backup.

For example, enter the following commands to guarantee that the database is in a consistent state for a backup:. For example, enter the following command at the RMAN prompt to back up the database to the default backup device:. The following variation of the command creates image copy backups of all data files in the database:.

Table lists some typical backup options. Specifies a location and name for backup pieces and copies. You must use substitution variables to generate unique file names. Specifies a user-defined string as a label for the backup. If you do not specify a tag , then RMAN assigns a default tag with the date and time.

Tags are always stored in the RMAN repository in uppercase. Incremental backups capture block-level changes to a database made after a previous incremental backup.

Incremental backups are generally smaller and faster to make than full database backups. Recovery with incremental backups is faster than using redo logs alone.

The starting point for an incremental backup strategy is a level 0 incremental backup , which backs up all blocks in the database.

An incremental backup at level 0 is identical in content to a full backup , however, unlike a full backup the level 0 backup is considered a part of the incremental backup strategy. A level 1 incremental backup contains only blocks changed after a previous incremental backup. If no level 0 backup exists in either the current or parent database incarnation when you run a level 1 backup, then RMAN makes a level 0 backup automatically.

A level 1 backup can be a cumulative incremental backup , which includes all blocks changed since the most recent level 0 backup, or a differential incremental backup , which includes only blocks changed since the most recent incremental backup.

Incremental backups are differential by default. When restoring incremental backups, RMAN uses the level 0 backup as the starting point, then updates changed blocks based on level 1 backups where possible to avoid reapplying changes from redo one at a time. Recovering with incremental backups requires no additional effort on your part. If incremental backups are available, then RMAN uses them during recovery. The following example creates a level 0 incremental backup to serve as a base for an incremental backup strategy:.

The RMAN incrementally updated backup feature is an efficient incremental backup strategy. The strategy has the following main features:. Example shows diagnostic command requests to JVM using jcmd utility.

The following sections describe some useful commands and troubleshooting techniques with jcmd utility. The following are some of the most useful commands that were in the tool since JDK 8. Even if you have provided no flags, some of the default values will be printed, for example initial and maximum heap size. If you are using Automatic Storage Management, then add three additional processes for the database instance.

A data definition language DDL statement is either nonblocking or blocking, and both types of DDL statements require exclusive locks on internal structures. If these locks are unavailable when a DDL statement runs, then nonblocking and blocking DDL statements behave differently:. Blocking DDL fails, though it might have succeeded if it had been executed subseconds later when the locks become available.

The default is 0. Oracle Database Development Guide. Every Oracle Database must have a method of maintaining information that is used to undo changes to the database. Such information consists of records of the actions of transactions, primarily before they are committed. Collectively these records are called undo data.

Set this parameter to AUTO to enable automatic undo management mode. AUTO is the default if the parameter is omitted or is null.

When an instance starts up in automatic undo management mode, it attempts to select an undo tablespace for storage of undo data. This parameter is especially useful for assigning a particular undo tablespace to an instance in an Oracle Real Application Clusters environment.

If no undo tablespace is available, then the instance starts without an undo tablespace, and undo data is written to the SYSTEM tablespace. You should avoid running in this mode.

Such a database is said to be at the If you do, then there is no way to start the database using a lower compatibility level setting, except by doing a point-in-time recovery to a time before the compatibility was advanced.

The minimum value is If you create an Oracle Database using the default value, then you can immediately use all the new features in this release, and you can never downgrade the database. Oracle Database Backup and Recovery User's Guide for information about point-in-time recovery of your database.

If you use named user licensing, Oracle Database can help you enforce this form of licensing. You can set a limit on the number of users created in the database. Once this limit is reached, you cannot create more users. This mechanism assumes that each person accessing the database has a unique user name and that no people share a user name. Therefore, so that named user licensing can help you ensure compliance with your Oracle license agreement, do not allow multiple users to log in using the same user name.

Oracle no longer offers licensing by the number of concurrent sessions. Initialization parameters for the Oracle Database have traditionally been stored in a text initialization parameter file. For better manageability, you can choose to maintain initialization parameters in a binary server parameter file that is persistent across database startup and shutdown. A server parameter file can be thought of as a repository for initialization parameters that is maintained on the system running the Oracle Database server.

It is, by design, a server-side initialization parameter file. Initialization parameters stored in a server parameter file are persistent, in that any changes made to the parameters while an instance is running can persist across instance shutdown and startup. It also provides a basis for self-tuning by the Oracle Database server. It can also be created directly by the Database Configuration Assistant.

The server parameter file is a binary file that cannot be edited using a text editor. Oracle Database provides other interfaces for viewing and modifying parameter settings in a server parameter file. Although you can open the binary server parameter file with a text editor and view its text, do not manually edit it. Doing so will corrupt the file. You will not be able to start your instance, and if the instance is running, it could fail.

If no server parameter file is found, the instance searches for a text initialization parameter file. Instructions for starting an instance using a server parameter file are contained in " Starting Up a Database ". If you are currently using a text initialization parameter file, then you can migrate to a server parameter file.

If you are migrating to a server parameter file in an Oracle Real Application Clusters environment, you must combine all of your instance-specific initialization parameter files into a single initialization parameter file.

Instructions for doing this and other actions unique to using a server parameter file for instances that are part of an Oracle Real Application Clusters installation are discussed in Oracle Real Application Clusters Administration and Deployment Guide and in your platform-specific Oracle Real Application Clusters Installation Guide.

This statement reads the text initialization parameter file to create a server parameter file. Oracle recommends that you allow the database to give the SPFILE the default name and store it in the default location. This eases administration of your database. Using spfile. For more information, see " Starting Up a Database ". When you use the Database Configuration Assistant to create a database, it automatically creates a server parameter file for you. However, if the instance has been started using a server parameter file, an error is raised if you attempt to re-create the same server parameter file that is currently being used by the instance.

In this example no SPFILE name is specified, so the file is created with the platform-specific default name and location shown in Table The next example illustrates creating a server parameter file in the default location from the current values of the initialization parameters in memory. All other comments are ignored. If you are using a text initialization parameter file, the ALTER SYSTEM statement changes the value of a parameter only for the current instance, because there is no mechanism for automatically updating text initialization parameters on disk.

You must update them manually to be passed to a future instance. Using a server parameter file overcomes this limitation. Dynamic initialization parameters can be changed for the current Oracle Database instance. The changes take effect immediately. Static initialization parameters cannot be changed for the current instance. You must change these parameters in the text initialization file or server parameter file and then restart the database before changes take effect.

For example, the following statement changes the maximum number of failed login attempts before the connection is dropped. It includes a comment, and explicitly states that the change is to be made only in the server parameter file.

The next example sets a complex initialization parameter that takes a list of attributes. This statement could change an existing setting for this parameter or create a new archive destination. When a value consists of a list of parameters, you cannot edit individual attributes by the position or ordinal number. You must specify the complete list of values each time the parameter is updated, and the new list completely replaces the old list.

For both dynamic and static parameters, the change is effective at the next startup and is persistent. For dynamic parameters, the effect is immediate, but it is not persistent because the server parameter file is not updated. When specified, the change is effective only for future sessions. The comment is written to the server parameter file. For diagnostic purposes, listing all of the parameter values currently used by an instance.

The exported file is created on the database server system. It contains any comments associated with the parameter in the same line as the parameter setting. Because no names were specified for the files, the database creates an initialization parameter file with a platform-specific name, and it is created from the platform-specific default server parameter file.

The following example creates a text initialization parameter file from a server parameter file, but in this example the names of the files are specified:. An alternative is to create a PFILE from the current values of the initialization parameters in memory.

The following is an example of the required command:. If your server parameter file SPFILE becomes lost or corrupted, then the current instance may fail, or the next attempt at starting the database instance may fail. If the instance is running, issue the following command to re-create the SPFILE from the current values of initialization parameters in memory:.

See " Creating a Server Parameter File " for examples. If none of the previous methods are possible in your situation, perform these steps:. Create a text initialization parameter file PFILE from the parameter value listings in the alert log. When an instance starts up, the initialization parameters used for startup are written to the alert log. See " Viewing the Alert Log " for more information. See " Creating a Server Parameter File " for instructions.

If an error occurs while reading or writing the server parameter file during a parameter update, the error is reported in the alert log and all subsequent parameter updates to the server parameter file are ignored.

At this point, you can take one of the following actions:. Shut down the instance, recover the server parameter file and described earlier in this section, and then restart the instance. Continue to run the database if you do not care that subsequent parameter updates will not be persistent. This view displays the values of initialization parameters in effect for the current session.

It is easier to distinguish list parameter values in this view because each list parameter value appears in a separate row. This view displays the values of initialization parameters in effect for the instance. A new session inherits parameter values from the instance-wide values.

Oracle Database Reference for a complete description of views. A database service is a named representation of one or more database instances. Services enable you to group database workloads and route a particular work request to an appropriate instance.

A database service represents a single database. This database can be a single-instance database or an Oracle Real Application Clusters Oracle RAC database with multiple concurrent database instances. A global database service is a service provided by multiple databases synchronized through data replication. Each database service represents a workload with common attributes, service-level thresholds, and priorities.

The grouping is based on attributes of work that might include the application function to be used, the priority of execution for the application function, the job class to be managed, or the data range used in the application function or job class. For example, the Oracle E-Business Suite defines a database service for each responsibility, such as general ledger, accounts receivable, order entry, and so on.

When you configure database services, you give each service a unique name, associated performance goals, and associated importance. The database services are tightly integrated with Oracle Database and are maintained in the data dictionary. Connection requests can include a database service name. If no database service name is included and the Net Services file listener. Database services enable you to configure a workload for a single database, administer it, enable and disable it, and measure the workload as a single entity.

Cloud Control supports viewing and operating services as a whole, with drill down to the instance-level when needed. In an Oracle Real Application Clusters Oracle RAC environment, a database service can span one or more instances and facilitate workload balancing based on transaction performance. This capability provides end-to-end unattended recovery, rolling changes by workload, and full location transparency.

Database services describe applications, application functions, and data ranges as either functional services or data-dependent services. Functional services are the most common mapping of workloads.

Sessions using a particular function are grouped together. In contrast, data-dependent routing routes sessions to database services based on data keys. The mapping of work requests to database services occurs in the object relational mapping layer for application servers and TP monitors. For example, in Oracle RAC, these ranges can be completely dynamic and based on demand because the database is shared. Using database services requires no changes to your application code. Client-side work can connect to a named database service.

Server-side work, such as Oracle Scheduler, parallel execution, and Oracle Database Advanced Queuing, set the database service name as part of the workload definition.

Work requests executing under a database service inherit the performance thresholds for the service and are measured as part of the service.

Oracle Database Concepts. Tuning by "service and SQL" can replace tuning by "session and SQL" in the majority of systems where all sessions are anonymous and shared.

With database services, workloads are visible and measurable. Resource consumption and waits are attributable by application. Additionally, resources assigned to database services can be augmented when loads increase or decrease. This dynamic resource allocation enables a cost-effective solution for meeting demands as they occur. For example, database services are measured automatically, and the performance is compared to service-level thresholds.

Performance violations are reported to Cloud Control, enabling the execution of automatic or scheduled solutions. AWR records database service performance, including execution times, wait classes, and resources consumed by services.

AWR alerts warn when database service response time thresholds are exceeded. The dynamic views report current service performance metrics with one hour of history. Each database service has quality-of-service thresholds for response time and CPU consumption. In addition, the Database Resource Manager can map database services to consumer groups. Therefore, you can automatically manage the priority of one database service relative to others.

You can use consumer groups to define relative priority in terms of either ratios or resource consumption. You also can specify an edition attribute for a database service. Editions make it possible to have two or more versions of the same objects in the database.

When you specify an edition attribute for a database service, all subsequent connections that specify the database service use this edition as the initial session edition.

Specifying an edition as a database service attribute can make it easier to manage resource usage. For example, database services associated with an edition can be placed on a separate instance in an Oracle RAC environment, and the Database Resource Manager can manage resources used by different editions by associating resource plans with the corresponding database services.

For Oracle Scheduler, you optionally assign a database service when you create a job class. During execution, jobs are assigned to job classes, and job classes can run within database services. Using database services with job classes ensures that the work executed by the job scheduler is identified for workload management and performance tuning. For parallel query and parallel DML, the query coordinator connects to a database service just like any other client.

The parallel query processes inherit the database service for the duration of the execution. At the end of query execution, the parallel execution processes revert to the default database service. This section describes creating services locally. You can also create services to operate globally. See " Global Data Services " for more information. If your single-instance database is not being managed by Oracle Restart, do one of the following:.

Oracle Net Listener the listener receives incoming client connection requests and manages the traffic of these requests to the database server. The listener handles connections for registered services, and it supports dynamic service registration. GDS enables administrators to automatically and transparently manage client workloads across replicated databases that offer common services. These common services are known as global services. GDS enables you to integrate multiple databases in various locations into private GDS configurations that can be shared by global clients.

Benefits include the following:. Allows you to dynamically add databases to the GDS configuration and dynamically migrate global services. Extends service management, load balancing, and failover capabilities for distributed environments of replicated databases that use features such as Oracle Active Data Guard, Oracle GoldenGate, and so on.

Provides high availability through seamless failover of global services across databases located both locally or globally. Provides workload balancing both within and between data centers through services, connection load balancing, and runtime load balancing. Allows efficient utilization of the resources of the GDS configuration to service client requests.

These views and columns enable you to determine whether a database service is a global service. After you create a database the instance is left running, and the database is open and available for normal database use.

You may want to perform specific actions after creating a database. You can find security guidelines for this release in Oracle Database Security Guide. Oracle recommends that you read these guidelines and configure your database accordingly.

After the database is created, you can configure it to take advantage of Oracle Identity Management. Additional administrative accounts are provided that should be used only by authorized users. To protect these accounts from being used by unauthorized users familiar with their Oracle-supplied passwords, these accounts are initially locked with their passwords expired. As the database administrator, you are responsible for the unlocking and resetting of these accounts.

To prevent unauthorized access and protect the integrity of your database, it is important that new passwords for user accounts SYS and SYSTEM be specified when the database is created.

Oracle Database Security Guide to learn how to add new users and change passwords. Transparent Data Encryption is a feature that enables encryption of individual database columns before storing them in the data file, or enables encryption of entire tablespaces.

If users attempt to circumvent the database access control mechanisms by looking inside data files directly with operating system tools, Transparent Data Encryption prevents such users from viewing sensitive information. The data is encrypted in the data files. Database users with appropriate privileges can view the data in unencrypted format.

To specify the destination directory for the database server trace file. Use this parameter when ADR is not enabled. When the size is met, the trace information is written to the next file. The first file is filled first, then the second file, and so on.

When the last file has been filled, then the first file is re-used, and so on. The trace file names are distinguished from one another by their sequence number. For example, if the default trace file of sqlnet. In addition, trace events in the trace files are preceded by the sequence number of the file.

When the value is set to on , a process identifier is appended to the name of each trace file, enabling several files to coexist. For example, trace files named sqlnet pid.

When the value is set to off , data from a new client trace session overwrites the existing file. This chapter includes the following topics: Overview of Profile Configuration File sqlnet.

Notes: The settings in the sqlnet. Usage Notes Oracle recommends setting this parameter in both the client-side and server-side sqlnet.

Usage Notes If turned off , then the parameter enables Oracle Net to send and receive break messages. Usage Notes When this parameter is set, the default domain name is automatically appended to any unqualified net service name or service name. Naming Method Value Description tnsnames local naming method Set to resolve a network service name through the tnsnames.

Usage Notes The parameter value is Boolean. Usage Notes The parameter value -1 is for infinite timeout. Default 15 seconds Values Values are in seconds. Example names. Default sqlnet. Note: Additional protocols might support this parameter on certain operating systems. Refer to the operating system-specific documentation for additional information about additional protocols that support this parameter. Usage Notes The complete path of the text file must be specified in the sqlnet.

Default None Values Name of the file for which the database owner has read permissions. Authentication performed by the database. Authentication based on credentials stored in a directory server. Usage Notes This identifier is passed to the listener with any connection request, and is included in the audit trail. Usage Notes The compression levels are used at time of negotiation to verify which levels are used at both ends, and to select one level. Default low Values low to use low CPU usage and low compression ratio.

Usage Notes Compression is not be done if the size of the data to be sent is less than this value. Default accepted Values accepted to enable the security service if required or requested by the other side.

Default None Values Full path name of the operating system file that has the public keys. Usage Notes Clients discover the down state of server hosts when attempting connections.

Default All available algorithms. Usage Notes Setting a value greater than 0 ensures that connections are not left open indefinitely, due to an abnormal client termination.

If the system supports TCP keepalive tuning, then Oracle Net Services automatically uses the enhanced detection model, and tunes the TCP keepalive parameters If the probe finds a terminated connection, or a connection that is no longer in use, then it returns an error, causing the server process to exit.

Limitations on using this terminated connection detection feature are: It is not allowed on bequeathed connections. Usage Notes If the client fails to establish a connection and complete authentication in the time specified, then the database server terminates the connection.

When specifying the values for these parameters, note the following recommendations: Set both parameters to an initial low value. Usage Notes The KDC maintains a list of user principals and is contacted through the kinit program for the user's initial ticket.

Usage Notes If an Oracle Net connection is not established in the time specified, then the connect attempt is terminated. Usage Notes The value can be either the IP address or host name of the server. Usage Notes The default port is Usage Notes Setting this parameter is recommended for environments in which clients shut down on occasion or abnormally.

Usage Notes Setting this parameter is recommended for environments in which clients shut down occasionally or abnormally. Usage Notes When wallets are used for authentication, the database credentials for user name and password are securely stored in an Oracle wallet. Refer to Oracle Database Security Guide for additional information about configuring the clients. Oracle recommends that you do not use these cipher suites to protect sensitive data. However, they are useful if the communicating parties want to remain anonymous or simply do not want the overhead caused by mutual authentication.

Usage Notes When this parameter is specified, the certificate with the matching extended key is used. Usage Notes If you enforce the match verifications, then SSL ensures that the certificate is from the server. Default no Values yes on true to enforce a match. Usage Notes Clients and database servers must use a compatible version. Default undetermined Values undetermined 2.

Usage Notes If a TCP connection to the database host is not established in the time specified, then the connection attempt is terminated. Default 60 Example TCP. Syntax TCP. Example TCP. Default System-defined maximum value.