What kind of damage did krakatoa cause

From a geological point of view, it is part of the Indonesian island arc system generated by the north-eastward subduction of the Indo-Australian plate Figure 1.

Krakatau is now a caldera type of volcano thanks to the eruption , one of the most destructive and deadliest volcanic events in historical records causing a total of around deaths [1, 2, 3].

Anak Krakatau has been actively erupting since [4] and last December , unfortunately, made the news for causing another and unexpected deadly tragedy for people living in the area. I reconstruct here the activity of the months just before the event of the December Figure 1 on the left side, a map showing the topology of India, SE Asia, and Australia and the major subduction zones in the region. In black is shown the outline of the subduction margin of the northern Indo-Australian plate, while minor subduction zones are highlighted in grey modified from Richards et al.

On the right, a shaded relief representation of the DEM of Sunda Strait with Anak Krakatau highlighted in the black square, taken from Giacchetti et al. The red arrow indicates where is located Anak Krakatau on the bigger map. Incandescence was visible at the summit at night and ash was ejected.

At this point, the alert level at the volcano was raised to 2 on a scale from 1 to 4, with 1 the lowest and 4 the highest level of alert , thus residents and tourists were asked not to get closer than 1 km from the crater area.

The situation remained almost unchanged during July and August , even though the ash plumes were getting denser and taller and by the end of August the volcano was not to be approached closer than 2 km.

In the following months , there was a general increase in the number of events per day, reaching tens to hundreds of explosions [6] and the level of alert was still kept at 2. In mid-December , the hazard analysis for the volcano was depicting the ejection of incandescent material and pyroclast density currents, which are avalanches of hot clouds of volcanic ash, as potential hazards, which could eventually cause high waves around the caldera complex when entering the sea.

In the meanwhile, the distribution of volcanic ash varied depending on wind direction and speed. Since December 20 , PVMBG observed a high explosive rate and a Surtseyan-type event, or in other words, magma was coming out directly in contact with water. This was interpreted as an increase in magma discharge rate, an enlargement of the crater area and a possible new crater formation closer to the water level.

On December 22 at h local time , an eruption occurred and about half an hour later a tsunami hit the west coast area of Banten Province and the south coast area of Lampung Province. The wall of water, nearly feet tall, was created by the volcano's collapse into the sea. It completely overwhelmed small nearby islands. Inhabitants of the coastal towns on Java and Sumatra fled toward higher ground, fighting their neighbors for toeholds on the cliffs.

One hundred sixty five coastal villages were destroyed. The steamship Berouw was carried nearly a mile inland on Sumatra; all 28 crewmembers were killed. Another ship, the Loudon, had been anchored nearby. The ship's captain Lindemann succeeded in turning its bow to face the wave, and the ship was able to ride over the crest. Looking back, the crew and passengers saw that nothing was left of the pretty town where they had been anchored.

The explosions hurled an estimated 11 cubic miles 45 cubic km of debris into the atmosphere, darkening skies up to miles km from the volcano. In the immediate vicinity, the dawn did not return for three days.

Ash fell as far away as 3, miles 6, km landing on ships to the northwest. Barographs around the globe documented that the shock waves in the atmosphere circled the planet at least seven times. Within 13 days, a layer of sulfur dioxide and other gases began to filter the amount of sunlight able to reach Earth. The atmospheric effects made for spectacular sunsets all over Europe and the United States.

Average global temperatures were as much as 1. Tambora is the only eruption in modern history to rate a VEI of 7. Hours after being asked to resign as president of the Bank of California, the powerful western capitalist William Ralston is found drowned in San Francisco Bay.

One of the first men to build a major financial empire in the Far West, Ralston was born in Ohio in In , he On August 27, , Brian Epstein, manager of the Beatles, was found dead of an accidental drug overdose. As the presidential election of begins to heat up, so do accusations and counteraccusations concerning communism in America. Live TV. This Day In History. History Vault. Art, Literature, and Film History.

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